A prehistoric predator? Artificial intelligence claims that the tracks are not an “angry” dinosaur

Artificial intelligence has discovered that prehistoric footprints believed to have been made by a vicious dinosaur predator actually come from a timid herbivore.

University of Queensland palaeontologist Dr Anthony Romilio, as part of an international collaboration, used AI pattern recognition to re-analyze tracks from Such a Flight of Dinosaurs National Monument.southwest of Winton in Central Queensland.

“Large dinosaur tracks were first discovered back in the 1970s on a trail called Dinosaur National Monument, and for many years were thought to have been left by predatory dinosaurs like Australavenatorwith legs almost two meters long,” said Dr. Romilio.

“Mysterious footprints are believed to have been left in the middle[{” attribute=””>Cretaceous Period, around 93 million years ago.

“But working out what dino species made the footprints exactly – especially from tens of millions of years ago – can be a pretty difficult and confusing business.

“Particularly since these big tracks are surrounded by thousands of tiny dinosaur footprints, leading many to think that this predatory beast could have sparked a stampede of smaller dinosaurs.

“So, to crack the case, we decided to employ an AI program called Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.”

The deep learning neural network was trained with 1,500 dinosaur footprints, all of which were theropod or ornithopod in origin. These are the groups of dinosaurs relevant to the Dinosaur Stampede National Monument prints.

The results were clear: the tracks had been made by a herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur.

Dr. Jens Lallensack, lead author from Liverpool John Moores University in the UK, said that the computer assistance was vital, as the team was originally at an impasse.

“We were pretty stuck, so thank god for modern technology,” Dr. Lallensack said. “In our research team of three, one person was pro-meat-eater, one person was undecided, and one was pro-plant-eater.

“So – to really check our science – we decided to go to five experts for clarification, plus use AI.

“The AI was the clear winner, outperforming all of the experts by a wide margin, with a margin of error of around 11 percent.

“When we used the AI on the large tracks from the Dinosaur Stampede National Monument, all but one of these tracks was confidently classified as left by an ornithopod dinosaur – our prehistoric ‘predator’.”

The team hopes to continue to add to the fossil dinosaur tracks database and conduct further AI investigations. 

The research is published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface and includes collaborations between Australian, German, and UK researchers. 

A replica of the dinosaur trackway is on display at the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, and the track site can be visited near southwest of Winton, Queensland.

Reference: “A machine learning approach for the discrimination of theropod and ornithischian dinosaur tracks” by Jens N. Lallensack, Anthony Romilio and Peter L. Falkingham, 9 November 2022, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0588